pathogens

In the present study, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and its activity on water borne bacterialpathogens were investigated.

pomegranate

ABSTRACT This paper describes a simple and efficient procedure based on the green method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles with a relatively narrow distribution in size. Stable silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by using Pomegranate fruit extract as both the reducing and stabilizing agents. The morphology and size distribution of prepared silver nanoparticles varied with the concentration of the Pomegranate extract used. Nanoparticles thus prepared are found to be stable in aqueous solution over a period of three months at room temperature. The amount of silver nanoparticles synthesized and its qualitative characterization was done by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM and EDAX analysis. The UV-Vis spectrum of silver nanoparticle in aqueous solution shows an absorbance peak around 420 nm due to Surface Plasmon Resonance. The XRD analysis revealed the fcc geometry of silver nanoparticles. The formation and stabilization of the nanoparticle is confirmed by FESEM analysis. The Silver nanoparticles displayed efficient antimicrobial activity towards most of the tested fungal and bacterial cultures. The cytotoxicity of the prepared silver nanoparticles was investigated using a cancer cell line.

Money

Money

We cannot eat, wear it, or live in it, but people need it feed, cloth, and house themselves. People use money to pay for the things they want to buy - it is a means of exchange that works as long as the buyer and the seller both agree on the value of the paper, metal, or plastic used to pay.
Money works as a standard of value, allowing one to see how much goods are worth. It also provides a structure of wealth more convenient than other things of values, such as property.
The origins of money
The earliest records of money being used come from ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) some 4,500 years ago. Payments were made with weighed amounts of Silver. Since then, weighed amounts of metal have been used as money in many places worldwide.
Gold standard
Each country has its own money, or currency. So government need a standard way of judging how much a nation’s currency is worth, to work at exchange rates from one currency into another.
In the 20th century, many western governments measured the value of a currency according to the value of gold and a nation’s gold reserves.
Various systems existed, which all related the value of a banknote to a precise weight of gold. The gold standard system ended in the 1970s ; now the value of money depends on the market.

Types of money

Types
The most familiar form of money are coins and banknotes, also known as cash. Much of the money stored in a bank exists not as notes, but as data stored in computers. To spend it, people use cheques and plastic cards.
Coins
The first coins were made in Lydia, Turkey, 600BC. Early coins were made of precious metal. Today, they are sure likely to be made of a common metal, like aluminium.
Cheque
A cheque is written instruction to a bank to pay money to someone. For security reasons, cheques are often unusuable without identification, such as a cheque guarantee card.
Banknotes
They may be only pieces of paper, but banknotes are accepted as valuable because of the sum they represent. Banknotes first appeared in China in the 11th century, and in Europe six centuries later.
Credit card
With a credit card, a person can buy something and pay for it later. The cards are issued by banks, credit companies, and large stores, and can be used in most shops. Each month the company sends a total bill to the cardholder.
Cardholder must repay the debt promptly, or will owe interest (extra money) on the balance.

Banks

Banks
Most people store their money with a bank, which keeps an account of how much each customer deposits. People gain access to their money through cash medicines, counter transactions, or by writing cheques. Banks may provide interest when a certain amount of money is kept in the account, but will charge customers who borrow money. Banks also provide financial services, such as pensions and insurance policies.

Early banks
Banks were set up about 3,000 to 4,000 years ago in Babylon as a secure place for customer’s money. By 600BC, there were banks in china, later in ancient Rome, bank offered investment and foreign exchange services.
Banking declined in medieval Europe because the church disapproved of money-lending for profit. But in the 15th and 16th centuries, important bank were set up in a Italy, providing financial services all over the Mediterranean.
How a high street bank works
They have branches in main towns. Cashiers serve customers through toughened glass panels. They have cash cheques, using money kept in fills beneath the counter, and inform customers about their accounts, using a terminal connected to the bank’s central computer. Customers can also buy foreign currency for trips overseas. Most of the money is kept in vaults with massive steel doors.
Pricelist
The clay tablet contains a price list written in Mesopotamia in the 19th century BC. It expresses prices interms of shekels and minas, the standard weight of the time. One shekel of silver would buy twelve mina of wool, ten mina of bronze, three measure of barley, or three measures of sesame oil.
Making banknotes
To reduce the chance of forgery, the process of making banknotes is shrouded in secrecy and production is made as complicate as possible. This is why the design includes so many fine detracts hardly noticeable at first glance, and why special inks and papers, not used in ordinary printing are involved.

Printing

Printing
Three printing processes are used one for the background, one for the main design, and another for the serial number. One process, intaglio, makes the ink stand slightly raised up from the paper – another indication that the note is genuine.
Anti-forgery elements, such as security thread, are often added to the paper used to make the banknotes.
Printing inks are mixed specially, giving the exact colors required for the note. This is another process that makes forgery difficult.
Security
A security van delivers banknotes to a bank, where they are stored in vaults for safe keeping. These are strong rooms, built for maximum security, and are usually equipped with time locks. At the end of a working day, all the cash at the counter tills is counted and returned to the vaults.
Cash machines
Cash-dispensing machines allow customers to take money from their account 24 hours a day, even while the bank is shut. Customers insert a plastic card key in a personal identification number (PIN).
The machine is connected to a computer, which contains information about the amount of money held in each person’s account, and records any transactions.
Safety deposit boxes
Banks keep their cash in strong rooms. For a free, they also keep customers' valuables, such as share certificates, in strong boxes in the strong rooms.

Stockmarket

Stockmarket
People who want to invest in a company buy shares. Stock is the money raised by the company as a result of selling its shares. Major centers of financial trading, such as London, Newyork, and Tokyo, have stock markets where shares in companies are bought and sold.

Stocks and shares
The value of share goes up and down. Prices are published regularly in the press so that people can see the value their investment. The current price is printed along with the amount gained or lost in the share’s value during the day.

Fort Knox
The greatest gold reserves in the world are held at the US Depository in Fort Knox, Kentucky. Since 1936, the bulk of the United States gold has been stored there. The gold is kept in steel and concrete vaults, enclosed in a large, bomb- proof building with massive walls. Electronic alarm systems, closed –circuit televisions and armed guards provide extra protection.

Inflation
When prices rise, and people must spend more money to buy the same amount of goods, this is known as inflation.
For ex. If inflation in the US is running at 10% per year then a basket of shopping which cost 30dollar in year one will cost 33 dollar in year two.
Government try control inflation, if it gets out of control, money becomes worthless.